Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury.
The word pathology also refers to the study of disease in general,
incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical
practices. However, when used in the context of modern medical
treatment, the term is often used in a more narrow fashion to refer
to processes and tests which fall within the contemporary medical
field of "general pathology", an area which includes a number of
distinct but inter-related medical specialties that diagnose disease,
mostly through analysis of tissue, cell, and body fluid samples.
Idiomatically, "a pathology" may also refer to the predicted or
actual progression of particular diseases (as in the statement
"the many different forms of cancer have diverse pathologies",
in which case a more proper choice of word would be "pathophysiologies"),
and the affix pathy is sometimes used to indicate a state of
disease in cases of both physical ailment (as in cardiomyopathy)
and psychological conditions (such as psychopathy).
A physician practicing pathology is called a pathologist.
As a field of general inquiry and research, pathology addresses
components of disease: cause, mechanisms of development (pathogenesis),
structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and the consequences
of changes (clinical manifestations).In common medical practice,
general pathology is mostly concerned with analyzing known clinical
abnormalities that are markers or precursors for both infectious
and non-infectious disease, and is conducted by experts in one of
two major specialties, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology.
[3] Further divisions in specialty exist on the basis of the involved
sample types (comparing, for example, cytopathology, hematopathology,
and histopathology), organs (as in renal pathology), and physiological
systems (oral pathology), as well as on the basis of the focus of the
examination (as with forensic pathology).
Pathology is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research.
About Us
What is Pathology?
Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, as well as tissues, using the tools of chemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology. Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with medical technologists, hospital administrations, and referring physicians. Clinical pathologists learn to administer a number of visual and microscopic tests and an especially large variety of tests of the biophysical properties of tissue samples involving automated analysers and cultures. Sometimes the general term "laboratory medicine specialist" is used to refer to those working in clinical pathology, including medical doctors, Ph.D.s and doctors of pharmacology.[14] Immunopathology, the study of an organism's immune response to infection, is sometimes considered to fall within the domain of clinical pathology.[15]
Hematology
Hematopathology is the study of diseases of blood cells (including constituents such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) and the tissues, and organs comprising the hematopoietic system. The term hematopoietic system refers to tissues and organs that produce and/or primarily host hematopoietic cells and includes bone marrow, the lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues. In the United States, hematopathology is a board certified subspecialty (licensed under the American Board of Pathology) practiced by those physicians who have completed a general pathology residency (anatomic, clinical, or combined) and an additional year of fellowship training in hematology. The hematopathologist reviews biopsies of lymph nodes, bone marrows and other tissues involved by an infiltrate of cells of the hematopoietic system. In addition, the hematopathologist may be in charge of flow cytometric and/or molecular hematopathology studies.
Molecular Pathology
Molecular pathology is focused upon the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Molecular pathology is multidisciplinary by nature and shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics. It is often applied in a context that is as much scientific as directly medical and encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human diseases, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, and the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to particular disorders. The crossover between molecular pathology and epidemiology is represented by a related field "molecular pathological epidemiology". Molecular pathology is commonly used in diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases. Molecular Pathology is primarily used to detect cancers such as melanoma, brainstem glioma, brain tumors as well as many other types of cancer and infectious diseases. Techniques are numerous but include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), multiplex PCR, DNA microarray, in situ hybridization, DNA sequencing, antibody-based immunofluorescence tissue assays, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for antimicrobial resistance.[19] Techniques used are based on analyzing samples of DNA and RNA. Pathology is widely used for gene therapy and disease diagnosis.
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